Unit 2 Binary & Data

Binary Numbers:

Unsigned Integer: 32-bit non-negative integer(0 or positive numbers) in the range of 0 to 2^32-1
Signed Integer: 32-bit integer in the range of -(2^31) = -2147483648 to (2^31) – 1=2147483647 which contains positive or negative numbers
Floating Point: data format to represent real numbers with both an integer and fractional component

Boolean expressions can be written as equivalent conditional statements
ASCII: returns a readable version of any object (Strings, Tuples, Lists)
Unicode: specification that aims to list every character used by human languages and give each character its own unique code
RGB: tuple of 3 components

Variables: an abstraction inside a program that can hold a value. Each variable has associated data storage that represents one value at a time, but that value can be a list or other collection that in turn contains multiple values
Data Types: there are different data types; numeric, sequence, mapping, set
Assignment Operators: allows a program to change the value represented to a variable

Lists: allow consistent computations and changing the number of variables and helps multiple items that are related to each other to be treated a single value
2D Lists: two-dimensional data structure stored linearly in the memory
Dictionaries: used to store data values in key:value pairs
Class: an outline for creating a new object
Algorithms: a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem solving operations, especially by a computer
Sequence: steps in order, for example, doing the first step then the second then the third, etc.
Selection: is a decision or question. At some point in an algorithm there may need to be a question because the algorithm has reached a step where one or more options are available
Iteration: repeating steps, or instructions over and over again
Expressions: combination of operators and operands
Comparison Operators: Greater than or equal to: True if left operand is greater than or equal to the right AND Less than or equal to: True if left operand is less than or equal to the right

Characters: one single unit of a text or character string, or individual characters
Strings: sequence of characters, consists of letters, numbers, and special characters
Length: ordered sequence of elements, elements are variables
Concatenation: operation of joining two strings together
Upper: converts all lowercase characters in a string into uppercase characters
Lower: converts all of the characters to lowercase

Python If: go through certain statements if the if expression is true
Elif: go through a statement no matter what, but the statement which is run depends on the if expression is true or false

Python For: repeats a function for a set number of times; I is the number of times repeated
While loops with Range, with List: used to repeat a section of code an unknown number of times until a specific condition is met

Procedural Abstraction: provides a name for a process and allows a procedure to be only knowing what it does not, how it does it
Python Def procedures: a named group of programming instructions that may have parameters and return values.
Parameters: input values of a procedure
Return Values: values that a function returns when it completes